What is the Capital City of Iraq?
City Overview
Baghdad, the capital city of Iraq, is one of the most historically significant cities in the world. Founded in the 8th century by the Abbasid caliph Al-Mansur, Baghdad quickly became the center of learning, culture, and commerce in the Islamic world. Located along the Tigris River, the city has a rich history that spans over a millennium, with periods of great prosperity and devastating conflict. Today, Baghdad remains the political, economic, and cultural heart of Iraq.
Historical Significance
Baghdad was established in 762 CE and quickly grew into a major metropolis. During the Golden Age of Islam, it was renowned for its libraries, schools, and scholars. The city attracted intellectuals from around the world and became a melting pot of ideas and cultures. The House of Wisdom in Baghdad was a leading center for the study of sciences, mathematics, astronomy, and philosophy. However, Baghdad also faced numerous challenges, including invasions, wars, and occupations, which have shaped its modern history.
Modern Baghdad
According to Countryaah, modern-day Baghdad is a city of contrasts, where ancient history meets contemporary life. Despite decades of conflict and instability, the city continues to rebuild and develop. It is home to several universities, museums, and cultural institutions. The city’s architecture ranges from historic mosques and palaces to modern high-rises and commercial centers.
City Facts
- Area: 673 square kilometers
- Population: Approximately 7.5 million (as of 2021)
- Time Zone: Arabian Standard Time (AST), UTC +3
- Highest Mountain: Mount Alqosh (though not within the city, it is the closest significant elevation, about 1,400 meters)
- Longest River: The Tigris River, which flows through the city
Major Landmarks
The Al-Mustansiriya School
Founded in 1227 by the Abbasid Caliph Al-Mustansir, the Al-Mustansiriya School is one of the oldest universities in the world. It served as a premier center of learning for Islamic law, literature, medicine, and mathematics. The school’s architecture is a stunning example of medieval Islamic design, featuring intricate mosaics and calligraphy.
The National Museum of Iraq
The National Museum of Iraq houses an extensive collection of artifacts that reflect the country’s rich history. Its exhibits include items from ancient Mesopotamia, Assyria, and Babylon, showcasing Iraq’s contributions to the development of human civilization. The museum’s collection was significantly damaged and looted during the Iraq War, but efforts have been made to restore and preserve its treasures.
Al-Shaheed Monument
The Al-Shaheed Monument, also known as the Martyr’s Memorial, was built to commemorate the Iraqi soldiers who died in the Iran-Iraq War. Designed by Iraqi architect Saman Kamal and sculptor Ismail Fatah Al Turk, the monument features a striking blue dome split in half, with a central eternal flame. It stands as a symbol of sacrifice and patriotism.
The Abbasid Palace
Located near the Tigris River, the Abbasid Palace is a remnant of Baghdad’s glorious past. It was built in the 12th century during the Abbasid Caliphate and is known for its intricate brickwork and grandiose halls. The palace is an important historical site, reflecting the architectural and cultural achievements of the period.
The Baghdad Zoo
Once one of the largest zoos in the Middle East, the Baghdad Zoo suffered extensive damage during the Iraq War. It has since undergone significant rehabilitation and continues to serve as a recreational and educational facility. The zoo is home to a variety of animals and provides a glimpse into the efforts to preserve wildlife in Iraq.
The Great Mosque of Al-Kadhimiyyah
The Great Mosque of Al-Kadhimiyyah is one of the most important Shia religious sites in Baghdad. It is the burial place of the seventh and ninth Shia Imams, Musa al-Kadhim and Muhammad al-Jawad. The mosque’s architecture is notable for its golden domes and minarets, as well as its beautifully decorated interior.
The Liberation Square
Liberation Square (Tahrir Square) is a significant public space in Baghdad, known for its monumental sculpture by Jawad Saleem. The square has been a focal point for political rallies and protests, reflecting the city’s dynamic socio-political landscape. It serves as a symbol of national unity and the struggle for freedom.
The Iraqi National Library and Archives
The Iraqi National Library and Archives is an important institution for the preservation of Iraq’s written heritage. It holds a vast collection of manuscripts, books, and documents that chronicle the country’s history. Despite suffering losses during various conflicts, the library continues to be a center for research and education.
The Al-Faw Palace
The Al-Faw Palace, also known as the Water Palace, was built by Saddam Hussein in the 1990s. It is located on the outskirts of Baghdad and is surrounded by artificial lakes. The palace features opulent design and architecture, serving as a testament to the extravagance of the former regime. Today, it is used by the Iraqi government and military.
Climate Overview
Baghdad has a hot desert climate characterized by extremely hot summers and mild, relatively wet winters. The city experiences significant temperature variations throughout the year, with summer temperatures often exceeding 40°C (104°F) and winter temperatures occasionally dropping below freezing.
| Month | Average Temperature (°C) | Average Precipitation (mm) | Average Sunny Days |
|---|---|---|---|
| January | 10.1 | 21 | 22 |
| February | 12.3 | 19 | 20 |
| March | 17.5 | 18 | 23 |
| April | 23.9 | 14 | 25 |
| May | 30.2 | 3 | 28 |
| June | 35.6 | 0 | 30 |
| July | 38.9 | 0 | 31 |
| August | 38.6 | 0 | 30 |
| September | 34.2 | 0 | 29 |
| October | 27.2 | 5 | 28 |
| November | 18.0 | 18 | 24 |
| December | 11.6 | 25 | 22 |
Historical Capitals
Erbil
Period: Various periods, most notably during the reign of the Assyrian Empire
Erbil, also known as Hawler, is one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world, with a history dating back to at least 2300 BCE. Located in the Kurdistan region of Iraq, Erbil has been a significant center for various empires, including the Assyrians, Persians, and Ottomans. The Erbil Citadel, a UNESCO World Heritage site, stands as a testament to the city’s ancient history. The citadel is a prominent feature of Erbil, showcasing layers of civilization built upon each other over millennia. Today, Erbil is a thriving city, known for its modern development and cultural heritage.
Mosul
Period: During various periods, particularly under the Neo-Assyrian Empire and as a provincial capital during the Ottoman Empire
Mosul, located on the west bank of the Tigris River, has a rich history that spans several millennia. It was an important city in the Assyrian Empire and later served as a significant center during the Islamic Golden Age. Mosul is renowned for its diverse cultural heritage, including ancient churches, mosques, and markets. The city has faced significant challenges in recent years, particularly due to conflict and occupation by ISIS, but efforts are ongoing to rebuild and restore its historical sites.
Basra
Period: Various periods, including significant development during the Abbasid Caliphate
Basra, located in southern Iraq near the Persian Gulf, has been a crucial port city and trading hub for centuries. It was founded in 636 CE as an important military garrison and quickly grew into a major commercial center. Basra played a significant role in the Abbasid Caliphate and was known for its intellectual and cultural contributions. The city is famous for its canals, date palm groves, and its strategic importance as Iraq’s main port. Today, Basra remains a vital economic center, especially for the oil industry.
Najaf
Period: Various periods, particularly as a religious center in Shia Islam
Najaf is one of the holiest cities in Shia Islam, located about 160 kilometers south of Baghdad. It is the site of the Imam Ali Mosque, which is the burial place of Ali ibn Abi Talib, the first Imam of the Shia Muslims and the fourth caliph of Sunni Islam. Najaf has been a center of Shia theological and scholarly activity for centuries. The city’s religious significance draws millions of pilgrims each year, contributing to its status as a major spiritual and cultural center.
Karbala
Period: Various periods, particularly as a religious center in Shia Islam
Karbala is another major holy city for Shia Muslims, located southwest of Baghdad. It is the site of the Battle of Karbala in 680 CE, where Imam Hussein, the grandson of the Prophet Muhammad, was martyred. The city is home to the Imam Hussein Shrine and the Al-Abbas Mosque, which attract millions of pilgrims, especially during the annual Ashura commemorations. Karbala’s religious significance and its role in Islamic history make it a vital center for Shia Islam.
Country Facts
- Population: Approximately 40 million (as of 2021)
- Area: 437,072 square kilometers
- Largest City: Baghdad
- Currency: Iraqi Dinar (IQD)
- Official Language: Arabic; Kurdish is also an official language in the Kurdistan region
- ISO Country Codes: IQ, IRQ, 368
- Time Zone: Arabian Standard Time (AST), UTC +3
- Independence Day: October 3, 1932
- Government Type: Federal parliamentary republic
Iraq is a country with a rich cultural heritage and a complex history. Its strategic location at the crossroads of the Middle East has made it a center of various civilizations, including the Sumerians, Babylonians, Assyrians, and Persians. Despite modern challenges, Iraq continues to play a significant role in regional and global affairs.